C-Motion - 3D Motion Analysis Software

Research Papers - Analysis Techniques used in Visual3D and studies using Visual3D

Books

Citation for Visual3D calculations or processes

Uses or References to Visual3D (or Move3D)

Foot studies or research papers

Biomechanics - kinematics, kinetics, methods, algorithms, modeling

Marker sets and placement papers

Gait or lower body related papers

Biomechanics and robotic devices

Lab calibration or CalTester related papers

Submit Your Own Article Here...

Books:

Chapman, Arthur E. "Biomechanical Analysis of Fundamental Human Movements"

2008 - Human Kinetics

Reference

Richards, Jim "Biomechanics in Clinics and Research: An interactive teaching and learning course"

2008 - Elsevier

Reference

Helliwell, Woodburn, Redmond, Turner, Davys "The Foot and Ankle in Rheumatoid Arthritis"

2008 - Elsevier

Reference

Robertson G., Caldwell G., Hamill J., Kamen G.,Whittlesey S. "Research Methods in Biomechanics"

2004 - Human Kinetics

Reference

Hamill Joseph, Knutzen Kathleen "Biomechanical Basis of Human Movement"

2003 - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2 edition

Reference

Citation for Visual3D calculations or processes:

JY Goulermas, D Howard, CJ Nester, RK Jones, L Ren "Regression Techniques for the Prediction of Lower Limb Kinematics."

2005 - Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Volume 127, Issue 6, pp. 1020-1024

Cappello, A., Cappozzo, A., La Palombara, P.F., Lucchetti, L., Leardini, A. "Multiple anatomical landmark calibration for optimal bone pose estimation."

1997 - Human Movement Science. 16: 259-274

Kepple, T. Siegel , K., & Stanhope, S. "The use of two foot-floor models to examine the role of the ankle plantar flexors in the forward acceleration of normal gait."

1997 - Gait and Posture, 5, 172-173

Siegel KL, Kepple TM, Caldwell GE "Improved agreement of foot segmental power and rate of energy change during gait: Inclusion of distal power terms and use of three-dimensional models."

1996 - Journal of Biomechanics 29(6):823-827

Buczek F., Kepple T., Lohmann Siegel K., & Stanhope S. "Effect of one, three, and six degree-of-freedom modeling upon joint powers at the normal knee."

1994 - Proceedings of the Second World Congress on Biomechanics, 151

Kepple TM, Arnold AS, Stanhope SJ, Siegel KL "Measurement of musculoskeletal motion from surface landmarks: A three-dimensional computer graphics approach."

1994 - Journal of Biomechanics 27(3):365-371

Buczek FL, Kepple TM, Siegel KL, Stanhope SJ. "Translational and Rotational Joint Power Terms in a Six Degree-of-Freedom Model of the Normal Ankle Complex."

1994 - Journal of Biomechanics 27(12):1447-1457

Buczek F., Siegel K., Kepple T., Stanhope S. "Ground reaction force signal processing in joint power calculations."

1991 - Proceedings of the Seventh Annual East Coast Gait Laboratory Conference

Stanhope SJ, Kepple TM, McGuire DA, Roman NL. "A Kinematic-Based Technique for Event Time Determination During Gait."

1990 - Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing 28:355-360

Visual3D provides an automated determination of events within motion data. An event is defined as a user defined significant occurrence during data collections. Examples of events are: heel strike, mid- stance, foot off during gait, signals generated by analog device associated with bells, buzzers, lights, potentiometers and foot switches, and events based on kinematic data such as mid-swing or mid- stance.

Kepple T., Stanhope S. A "A Video based, six degree of freedom approach for analyzing human motion."

1989 - Proceedings of the Fifth Annual East Coast Gait Laboratories Conference

Kepple T., Stanhope S., Rich A. "The presentation and evaluation of a video based, six degree-of-freedom approach for analyzing human motion"

1988 - Proceedings of the Annual IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society

Antonsson, E.K "A three-dimensional kinematic acquisition and intersegmental dynamic analysis system for human motion. "

1982 - Ph.D dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

NOTE: This was the seminal work that started Tom Kepple on the path of MOVE3D.

Uses or References to Visual3D (or Move3D):

Ramsey DK, Briem K, Axe MJ, and Snyder-Mackler L "A Mechanical Theory for the Effectiveness of Bracing for Medial Compartment Osteoarthritis of the Knee."

2007 - The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 89:2398-2407

Rudolph KS, Schmitt LC, and Lewek MD "Age-Related Changes in Strength, Joint Laxity, and Walking Patterns: Are They Related to Knee Osteoarthritis?"

2007 - PHYS THER, Vol. 87, No. 11, 1422-1432

Lee SJ, and Hidler J "Biomechanics of Overground Versus Treadmill Walking In Healthy Individuals."

2007 - Journal of Applied Physiology

Tokuno CD, Carpenter MG, Thorstensson A, Garland SJ, and Cresswell AG "Control of the triceps surae during the postural sway of quiet standing."

2007 - Acta Physiologica, Volume 191 Issue 3 Page 229-236

Segers V, Aerts P, Lenoir M, De Clercq, D "Dynamics of the body centre of mass during actual acceleration across transition speed."

2007 - Journal Exp Biol 310, 578-585

Ramsey DK, Snyder-Mackler L, Lewek M, Newcomb W, Rudolph KS. "Effect of anatomic realignment on muscle function during gait in patients with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis."

2007 - rthritis Care & Research. Volume 57, Issue 3 , Pages 389 - 397

Willems, Tine Mariek, Witvrouw, Erik, De Cock, Anneleen, De Clercq, Dirk "Gait-Related Risk Factors for Exercise-Related Lower-Leg Pain during Shod Running."

2007 - Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 39(2):330-339

Domingo A, Sawicki GS, Ferris DP. "Kinematics and muscle activity of individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury during treadmill stepping with and without manual assistance."

2007 - Journal of Neuroengineering and Rehabilitation 4:32

Gordon KE and Ferris DP "Learning to walk with a robotic ankle exoskeleton"

2007 - Journal of Biomechanics, 40:2636-2644

Palmieri-Smith RM, Kreinbrink J, Ashton-Miller JA, and Wojtys EM "Quadriceps Inhibition Induced by an Experimental Knee Joint Effusion Affects Knee Joint Mechanics During a Single-Legged Drop Landing."

2007 - Am J Sports Med. 35: 1269-1275

Ford F, Myer GD, Hewett TE "Reliability of Landing 3D Motion Analysis: Implications for Longitudinal Analyses."

2007 - Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 39(11):2021-2028

Wheat JS, Vernon T, Milner CE "The measurement of upper body alignment during the golf drive."

2007 - ournal of Sports Sciences, 25(7):749-755

Khan WS, Nokes L, Jones RK, Johnson DS "The relationship of the angle of immobilisation of the knee to the force applied to the extensor mechanism when partially weight-bearing. A Gait-Analysis Study in Normal Volunteers."

2007 - Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery - British Volume, Vol 89-B, Issue 7, 911-914

Jia Yi Chow, Keith Davids, Chris Button, Michael Koh "Variation in Coordination of a Discrete Multiarticular Action as a Function of Skill Level."

2007 - Journal of Motor Behavior, Volume 39, Number 6, 463 - 479

Ryan L. Mizner, Lynn Snyder-Mackler "Altered loading during walking and sit-to-stand is affected by quadriceps weakness after total knee arthroplasty."

2006 - Journal of Orthopaedic Research Volume 23, Issue 5 , Pages 1083 - 1090

MacLean C, McClay Davis I, and Hamill J "Influence of a custom foot orthotic intervention on lower extremity dynamics in healthy runners."

2006 - Clinical Biomechanics, Volume 21, Issue 6, Pages 623-630

Butler RJ, Davis IS, and Hamill J "Interaction of arch type and footwear on running mechanics."

2006 - American Journal of Sports Medicine 34, 1998-2005

Whatling GM, Holt CA, Jones L, Madete JK, Dabke H, Alderman PM and Roberts P "Investigating the effects of surgical approach on total hip arthroplasty recovery using 3D gait analysis."

2006 - Ninth international symposium on teh 3D analysis of Human Movement

Gordon KE, Sawicki GS and Ferris DP "Mechanical performance of artificial pneumatic muscles to power an ankle-foot orthosis."

2006 - Journal of Biomechanics, 39:1832-1841

Ferris DP, Bohra ZA, Lukos JR and Kinnaird CR "Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis."

2006 - Journal of Applied Physiology, 100:163-170

Buczek F, Cooney K, Walker M, Rainbow M, Concha M, Sanders JO "Performance of an inverted pendulum model directly applied to normal human gait."

2006 - Clinical Biomechanics, Volume 21, Issue 3, Pages 288-296

Turner DE, Helliwell PS, Emery P, and Woodburn J "The impact of rheumatoid arthritis on foot function in the early stages of disease: a clinical case series. BioMed Center Musculoskeletal Disorders."

2006 - BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2006, 7:102

Reference

Stensdotter AK, Holmgren C, Dal?n T, H?ger-Ross C "The role of M. popliteus in unpredictable and in self-initiated balance provocations."

2006 - Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Volume 24, Issue 3 , Pages 524 - 530

Turner DE, Davys HJ & Woodburn J "Foot function following forefoot reconstruction in rheumatoid arthritis."

2005 - Australasian Journal of Podiatric Medicine; Vol 39, No.4 : 83-89

JY Goulermas, D Howard, CJ Nester, RK Jones, L Ren "Regression Techniques for the Prediction of Lower Limb Kinematics."

2005 - Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, Volume 127, Issue 6, pp. 1020-1024

Pollard CD, McClay Davis I, Hamill J "Influence of gender on hip and knee mechanics during a randomly cued cutting maneuver"

2004 - Clinical Biomechanics, 19, 1022-1031

Siegel, KL, Kepple, TM, & Stanhope SJ "Joint moment control of mechanical energy flow during normal gait."

2004 - Gait and Posture, 19, 69-75

Woodburn J, Nelson KM, Siegel KL, Kepple TM, Gerber LH "Multisegment Foot Motion During Gait: Proof of Concept in Rheumatoid Arthritis."

2004 - The Journal of Rheumatology 31:10

Manal K, Stanhope SJ "A novel method for displaying gait and clinical movement analysis data"

2003 - Gait and Posture

Rainbow M, Buczek FL, Cooney KM, Walker MR, Sanders JO "DIFFERENCES BETWEEN VICON CLINICAL MANAGER AND VISUAL3D"

2003 - Abstracts of the American Society of Biomechanics

When switching biomechanical modeling software it is useful to note key differences between platforms. When using a given model like Helen Hayes, it is important that clinical decisions remain unaffected by software platform changes. This study showed no statistical dfiferenc between the Helen Hayes modeling in VCM and Visual3D for 16 out of 20 variables key to our gait analysis

Reference

Ferber R, McClay Davis I, Williams DS "Gender differences in lower extremity mechanics durin runnings"

2003 - Clinical Biomechanics 18: 350-357

Manal K, McLay I, Galinat B, Stanhope SJ "The accuracy of estimating proximal tibial translation during natural cadence walking: bone vs. skin mounted targets"

2003 - Clinical Biomechanics. 18, 126-131

Ferber R, McLay Davis I, Williams DS, Laughton C. "A comparison of within- and between-day reliability of discrete 3D lower extremity variables in runners."

2002 - Journal of Orthopedic Research 20: 1139-1145

Manal K, McLay I, Richards J, Galinat B, Stanhope SJ "Knee moment profiles during walking: errors due to soft tissue movement of the shank and the influence of the reference coordinate system"

2002 - Gait and Posture. 15, 10-17

Rudolf KS, Axe MJ, Buchanan TS, Scholz JP, Snyder-Mackler L "Dynamic stability in the anterior cruciate ligament deficient knee"

2001 - Knee Surg. Sprots Traumatol, Arthrosc 9: 62-71

Kepple TM, Stanhope SJ "Move3D Software."in Biomechanics and Neural Control of Posture and Movement"

2000 - (Winters and Crago Editors)

Gatev P, Thomas S, Kepple TM, & Hallett M "Feedforward ankle strategy of balance during quiet stance in adults"

1999 - Journal of Physiology,514.3, 915-928

Holden JP, Stanhope SJ. "The Effect of Variation in Knee Center Location Estimates on Net Knee Joint Moments."

1998 - Gait and Posture 7, 1-6

Kepple, TMSiegel, KL, , & Stanhope SJ "Relative contributions of the lower extremity joint moments to forward progression and support during gait"

1997 - Gait and Posture, 6, 1-8

Kepple T. "MOVE3D - Software for analyzing human motion."

1991 - IEEE 1991 Future Directions Workshop, 106-109

Foot studies or research papers:

Gordon KE and Ferris DP "Learning to walk with a robotic ankle exoskeleton"

2007 - Journal of Biomechanics, 40:2636-2644

Butler RJ, Davis IS, and Hamill J "Interaction of arch type and footwear on running mechanics."

2006 - American Journal of Sports Medicine 34, 1998-2005

Gordon KE, Sawicki GS and Ferris DP "Mechanical performance of artificial pneumatic muscles to power an ankle-foot orthosis."

2006 - Journal of Biomechanics, 39:1832-1841

Ferris DP, Bohra ZA, Lukos JR and Kinnaird CR "Neuromechanical adaptation to hopping with an elastic ankle-foot orthosis."

2006 - Journal of Applied Physiology, 100:163-170

Biomechanics - kinematics, kinetics, methods, algorithms, modeling:

Bruening DA, Crewe AN, Buczek FL "A simple, anatomically based correction to the conventional ankle joint center"

2008 - Clinical Biomechanics 23(10):1299-1302

Background. Conventional motion analysis studies define the ankle joint center as the midpoint between the most medial and lateral aspects of the malleoli, yet research points toward a more distal joint center location. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an anatomically based correction that would move the conventional ankle joint center to a more accurate location. Methods. Lower extremity radiographs from 30 pediatric patients were analyzed retrospectively. An offset between the conventional and more accurate ankle joint centers was measured and correlated to other common anatomical measures based on conventional skin mounted marker positions. The best correlated measure was used to define a simple correction factor, which was subsequently evaluated by its effect on six degree-of-freedom ankle joint translations during normal gait (n = 8). Findings. Shank length was found to have the highest bivariate linear correlation (r = 0.89) with the offset. Adjusting the ankle joint center using a percentage of shank length (2.7%) was also as accurate as the regression equation in predicting offset (mean error 0.6 mm, or 6% offset). Adjusting the ankle joint center using this simple percentage resulted in a 25% reduction in mean ankle joint translations during normal gait. Interpretation. The accuracy of the ankle joint center can be increased through a simple, anatomically based correction. This correction may prove beneficial in some kinematic and kinetic applications requiring increased anatomical fidelity.

Reference

Keefer, M, King, J, Powell, D, Krusenklaus, JH, Zhang, S. "Effects of modified short-leg walkers on ground reaction force characteristics."

2008 - Keefer, M, King, J, Powell, D, Krusenklaus, JH, Zhang, S. Effects of modified short-leg walkers on ground reaction force characteristics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008; 23(9):1172-7.

BACKGROUND: Although short-leg walkers are often used in the treatment of lower extremity injuries (ankle and foot fractures and severe ankle sprains), little is known about the effect the short-leg walker on gait characteristics. The purpose was to examine how heel height modifications in different short-leg walkers and shoe side may affect ground reaction forces in walking. METHODS: Force platforms were used to collect ground reaction force data on 10 healthy participants. Five trials were performed in each of six conditions: lab shoes, gait walker, gait walker with heel insert on shoe side, gait walker modified with insert on walker side, equalizer walker, and equalizer walker with heel insert on shoe side. Conditions were randomized and walking speed was standardized between conditions. A 2x6 (sidexcondition) repeated analysis of variance was used on selected ground reaction force variables (P<0.05). FINDINGS: The application of a walker created peak vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction forces prior to the normal peaks associated with the loading response. Wearing a walker introduced an elevated minimum vertical ground reaction force in all conditions except the equalizer walker when compared to shoe on the shoe side. Peak propulsive anteroposterior ground reaction forces were smaller in all walker conditions compared to shoe on walker side. INTERPRETATION: The application of heel insert in gait walker with heel insert (on shoe side) and gait walker modified (on walker side) does not diminish the minimum vertical ground reaction force as hypothesized. Wearing a walker decreases the peak propulsive anteroposterior ground reaction force on the walker side and induces asymmetrical loading.

Reference

Zhang, S, Clowers, KG, Powell, D. "Ground reaction force and 3D biomechanical characteristics of walking in short-leg walkers"

2006 - Zhang, S, Clowers, KG, Powell, D. Ground reaction force and 3D biomechanical characteristics of walking in short-leg walkers. Gait Posture. 2006; 24(4):487-92.

Short-leg walking boots offer several advantages over traditional casts. However, their effects on ground reaction forces (GRF) and three-dimensional (3D) biomechanics are not fully understood. The purpose of the study was to examine 3D lower extremity kinematics and joint dynamics during walking in two different short-leg walking boots. Eleven (five females and six males) healthy subjects performed five level walking trials in each of three conditions: two testing boot conditions, Gait Walker (DeRoyal Industries, Inc.) and Equalizer (Royce Medical Co.), and one pair of laboratory shoes (Noveto, Adidas). A force platform and a 6-camera Vicon motion analysis system were used to collect GRFs and 3D kinematic data during the testing session. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to evaluate selected kinematic, GRF, and joint kinetic variables (p<0.05). The results revealed that both short-leg walking boots were effective in minimizing ankle eversion and hip adduction. Neither walker increased the bimodal vertical GRF peaks typically observed in normal walking. However, they did impose a small initial peak (<1BW) earlier in the stance phase. The Gait Walker also exhibited a slightly increased vertical GRF during midstance. These characteristics may be related to the sole materials/design, the restriction of ankle movements, and/or the elevated heel heights of the tested walkers. Both walkers appeared to increase the demand on the knee extensors while they decreased the demand of the knee and hip abductors based on the joint kinetic results.

Reference

Cereatti A, Della Croce U, Cappozzo A "Reconstruction of skeletal movement using skin markers: Comparative assessment of bone pose estimators. "

2006 - Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 3:7

Reference

Siegel KL, Kepple TM, O'Connell PO, Gerber LH, Stanhope SJ "Evaluation of foot function during the stance phase of gait."

1995 - Foot & Ankle International 16(12):764-770

Siegel KL, Stanhope SJ, Caldwell GE "Kinematic and kinetic adaptations in the lower limb during stance in gait of unilateral femoral neuropathy patients."

1993 - Clinical Biomechanics, 8:147-155

Barr AE, Siegel KL, Danoff JV, McGarvey CL III, Tomasko A, Sable I, Stanhope SJ "Biomechanical comparison of the energy storing capabilities of SACH and Carbon Copy II prosthetic feet during the stance phase of gait in a person with below knee amputation."

1992 - Physical Therapy 72(5):344-54

Kepple TM, Stanhope SJ, Lohmann (Siegel) KN, Roman NL "A video-based technique for measuring ankle-subtalar motion during stance."

1990 - Journal of Biomedical Engineering 12(4):273-80

Kepple T., Stanhope S. A "A Video based, six degree of freedom approach for analyzing human motion."

1989 - Proceedings of the Fifth Annual East Coast Gait Laboratories Conference

Marker sets and placement papers:

Manal K, McLay I, Richards J, Galinat B, Stanhope SJ "Knee moment profiles during walking: errors due to soft tissue movement of the shank and the influence of the reference coordinate system"

2002 - Gait and Posture. 15, 10-17

Manal, K., McClay, I., Stanhope, S., Richards, J., Galinat, B. "Comparison of surface mounted markers and attachment methods in estimating tibial rotations during walking: an in vivo study"

2000 - Gait and Posture 11:38-45

Karlsson, D., Tranberg, R. "On skin movement artifact-resonant frequencies of skin markers attached to the leg."

1999 - Human Movement Science 18:627-635

McClay, I., Manal, K. "Three-dimensional kinetic analysis of running: significance of secondary planes of motion."

1999 - Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 31:1629-1637

Fuller, J., Lui, L.-J., Murphy, M. C., Mann, R. W. "A comparison of lower- extremity skeletal kinematics measured using skin- and pin mounted markers."

1997 - Human Movement Science 16:219-242

Reinschmidt, C., van den Bogert, A. J., Nigg, B. M., Lundberg, A., Murphy, N. "Effect of skin movement on the analysis of skeletal knee joint motion during running."

1997 - Journal of Biomechanics 30(7):729-732

Holden JP, Orsini JA, Siegel KL, Kepple TM, Gerber LH, Stanhope SJ "Surface movement errors in kinematic and kinetic measurement in gait."

1997 - Gait and Posture.

Cappozzo A, Cappello A, Della Croce U, Pensalfini P. "Surface-Marker Cluster Design Criteria for 3-D Bone Movement Reconstruction."

1997 - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 44 (12), p 1165-1174

Ball KA, Pierrynowski MR. "Classification of errors in locating a rigid body."

1996 - Journal of Biomechanics 29(9):1213-1217

Angeloni, C., Cappozzo, A., Catani, F., Leardini, A. "Quantification of relative displacement of skin- and plate-mounted markers with respect to bones."

1993 - Journal of Biomechanics 26:864

Gait or lower body related papers:

Keefer, M, King, J, Powell, D, Krusenklaus, JH, Zhang, S. "Effects of modified short-leg walkers on ground reaction force characteristics."

2008 - Keefer, M, King, J, Powell, D, Krusenklaus, JH, Zhang, S. Effects of modified short-leg walkers on ground reaction force characteristics. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008; 23(9):1172-7.

BACKGROUND: Although short-leg walkers are often used in the treatment of lower extremity injuries (ankle and foot fractures and severe ankle sprains), little is known about the effect the short-leg walker on gait characteristics. The purpose was to examine how heel height modifications in different short-leg walkers and shoe side may affect ground reaction forces in walking. METHODS: Force platforms were used to collect ground reaction force data on 10 healthy participants. Five trials were performed in each of six conditions: lab shoes, gait walker, gait walker with heel insert on shoe side, gait walker modified with insert on walker side, equalizer walker, and equalizer walker with heel insert on shoe side. Conditions were randomized and walking speed was standardized between conditions. A 2x6 (sidexcondition) repeated analysis of variance was used on selected ground reaction force variables (P<0.05). FINDINGS: The application of a walker created peak vertical and anteroposterior ground reaction forces prior to the normal peaks associated with the loading response. Wearing a walker introduced an elevated minimum vertical ground reaction force in all conditions except the equalizer walker when compared to shoe on the shoe side. Peak propulsive anteroposterior ground reaction forces were smaller in all walker conditions compared to shoe on walker side. INTERPRETATION: The application of heel insert in gait walker with heel insert (on shoe side) and gait walker modified (on walker side) does not diminish the minimum vertical ground reaction force as hypothesized. Wearing a walker decreases the peak propulsive anteroposterior ground reaction force on the walker side and induces asymmetrical loading.

Reference

Biomechanics and robotic devices:

Gordon KE and Ferris DP "Learning to walk with a robotic ankle exoskeleton"

2007 - Journal of Biomechanics, 40:2636-2644

Lab calibration or CalTester related papers:

Holden JP, Selbie WS, Stanhope SJ "A proposed test to support the clinical movement analysis laboratory"

2003 - Gait and Posture 17 205-213

Article describing a testing methodology that can be used to quickly and easily document the spatial synchronization of a motion capture system and force platforms. (supported by CalTester)

Reference